PPM-001 Professional in Project Management (PPM) Question and Answers

 Vertical thinking is a term that refers to logical, sequential thinking. It involves processing information in an orderly, step-by-step manner, where each step logically follows from the previous one. This type of thinking is systematic and analytical, often used in problem-solving situations where a clear path to the solution is required.

References: = The concept of vertical thinking aligns with the descriptions found in the resources on sequential thinking, which emphasize the importance of a structured approach to problem-solving1.

 Project management skills can be developed over time with the right training, experience, and personal attributes. Many successful project managers have found themselves in the role unexpectedly and have grown into it by learning on the job and through formal education.

 Effective communication is a critical component of project management. Pausing to let the other person speak is indeed an effective probing method. It allows the other person to think and provide more detailed information, which can be crucial for understanding the project’s needs and concerns. While open questions are also important as they encourage detailed responses, the power of pause should not be underestimated as it can lead to more thoughtful and comprehensive answers.

References: = The information is based on general communication techniques used in project management, as detailed in resources such as “Probing Questions to Get Beneath the Surface - The Management Center” and “Communication tips: How to harness the power of pause” from The Enterprisers Project12. These sources emphasize the importance of pausing in conversations to allow for better understanding and more effective communication.

 Goals should be specific, measurable, and time-bound. This aligns with the SMART criteria for goal setting, which stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. A goal that is too general does not provide a clear direction or target. Measurability allows for tracking progress and making necessary adjustments, while a deadline adds a sense of urgency and helps in prioritizing tasks.

References: The principles of goal setting are consistent with the guidelines provided in the PMBOK® Guide and the Professional in Project Management (PPM) certification materials, which advocate for clear, measurable, and time-sensitive goals as part of effective project management12.

The most common frequency for communicating with project stakeholders can vary depending on the project's size, complexity, and stakeholder needs. However, monthly communication is often a practical and effective interval for providing updates, maintaining engagement, and addressing concerns without overwhelming stakeholders with too much information or too frequent interruptions to their schedules. This frequency can, of course, be adjusted based on the specific requirements of the project and the preferences of the stakeholders.

 Existing systems can indeed be included in a risk management plan. In the context of Project Portfolio Management (PPM), it’s crucial to consider the risks associated with current systems as they can impact the portfolio’s overall performance and the achievement of strategic objectives. The risk management process involves identifying, assessing, and managing risks to minimize their negative impact on the portfolio. This includes risks related to existing systems, which may be subject to obsolescence, integration issues, or other operational challenges that could jeopardize project success.

References:

• PPM 101 - Portfolio Risk Management | Acuity PPM1
• Risk Management - configuration considerations in PPM - LinkedIn2

 Crashing the schedule in project management refers to a technique used to shorten the project’s duration by adding additional resources to critical path activities, without necessarily increasing efficiency or scope. This method is often employed when time is a critical factor and the project needs to be accelerated, even if it results in increased costs. It is a deliberate decision to expedite project completion, which involves trade-offs, particularly concerning the project budget.

References: = The concept of crashing is covered in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) as a schedule compression technique that may involve additional costs. It is part of the project manager’s toolkit for managing schedule constraints and is aligned with the principles of effective project management as outlined in Professional in Project Management (PPM) materials123.

 A quality audit is defined as a structured, independent process to determine if project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures. It is designed to assess the effectiveness of the project’s quality management activities and to identify areas for improvement. Quality audits are not merely inspections of work results or meetings for measurement and examination; they are more about evaluating the processes that lead to those results. This ensures that the project adheres to the set quality standards throughout its execution.

References: = Professional in Project Management (PPM) Reference Materials1, PMBOK® Guide2.

Distributing an agenda prior to team meetings is considered a best practice in project management. It helps the project team maintain focus, as they know in advance the topics that will be discussed, the start and end times, and the duration of each segment. The agenda ensures everyone stays on track and achieves the meeting’s objectives. This practice is aligned with the PMBOK® Guide’s recommendations for effective communication and meeting management.

References: = A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Project Management Institute1.

In the context of project management, setting goals is a critical step in planning and executing projects. Goals should be clear, measurable, and actionable. Using action verbs can help make goals more compelling and give a sense of direction. For example, verbs like “build,” “initiate,” and “execute” are action-oriented and suggest tangible steps to be taken. They align well with the SMART criteria (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound), which is a widely recognized framework for setting effective project goals.

If you’re looking for detailed explanations or references, I would recommend consulting the latest edition of the PMBOK Guide or the PPM study materials provided by authoritative sources like the Project Management Institute (PMI). These resources will have the most accurate and up-to-date information on project management best practices.

A Statement of Work (SoW) is a formal document that outlines the agreement between a supplier or vendor and the customer. It details what will be delivered, the timeline of delivery, and the cost. While it is a critical tool for project planning, governance, and scope control, it typically does not include a SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis is a separate strategic planning tool used to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to project management or organizational strategy. It helps in developing strategies to manage these factors12.

References:

• Jexo’s PPM Glossary1
• PMO365’s article on Statement of Work3
• Jexo’s PPM Glossary on SWOT Analysis2

 In the context of project management, the ‘T’ in the SMART acronym stands for ‘Time-bound’. This means that any goals set within a project should have a clear timeline or deadline. This aspect of the SMART criteria ensures that there is a sense of urgency and a deadline to work towards, which helps in planning and executing the project effectively1. References: = Wrike’s guide on SMART in Project Management1.

 Decision-making in project management involves selecting a course of action from several alternatives to achieve organizational or managerial objectives. It is a continuous and dynamic process that propels an organization forward. The decision-making process can include reaching a consensus, where all input and ideas from a group are considered until a final decision acceptable to all emerges. It also involves focusing on agreements to develop, lead, and motivate project teams effectively. Negative voting, or the elimination of options until a final choice is made, can also be part of the decision-making process.

References: = The information is synthesized from the content available in the search results related to Professional in Project Management (PPM) decision-making processes123, consensus decision-making34, focus on agreements56, and negative voting578.

Encouraging team creativity is a multifaceted approach that involves creating an environment conducive to creative thinking and idea generation. This can be achieved through various methods:

• Brainstorming ideas on a topic allows team members to freely express their thoughts and suggestions without judgment, fostering an atmosphere of open communication and innovation.
• Meeting in different places for a change of scenery can stimulate new ideas and perspectives by removing the team from their usual environment and routine.
• Inviting group speakers can introduce fresh viewpoints and inspire the team by sharing different experiences and knowledge.

These activities are aligned with the principles of fostering an innovative and collaborative team environment as outlined in the Professional in Project Management (PPM) guidelines.

References: The information provided here is in alignment with the best practices for encouraging creativity within a team as suggested by project management methodologies, including those found in the PMBOK® Guide and other PPM reference materials12.

Buying house insurance is indeed a type of risk management. In the context of project management, risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and responding to risk factors throughout the life of a project in the most efficient way. The primary goal is to minimize the impact of risks on the project’s objectives. Buying insurance is a risk transfer strategy, which is one of the risk responses identified in the PMBOK Guide. It transfers the financial risk of property damage from the homeowner to the insurance company, thus managing the potential negative impact on the homeowner’s financial state.

References: = PMBOK Guide, 6th Edition, Chapter 11: Project Risk Management; Project Management Institute’s standards and certifications for the Project Management Professional (PMP)® certification include risk management as a key component1.

 In the context of Professional in Project Management (PPM), a team member who is detail-oriented but gets frustrated by new ideas would be best described as ‘The Contributor’. This type of team member is often very knowledgeable and skilled in their area of expertise, focusing on efficiency and accuracy. They contribute significantly to the tasks at hand but may resist changes that disrupt their routine or the established way of doing things. Their preference for stability over innovation can sometimes be a challenge in dynamic project environments where adaptability is crucial.

References:

• Professional in Project Management (PPM) Certification Overview1
• Project Management Fundamentals as outlined in PPM certification1

In the context of project management, a review of management processes and the associated documentation is commonly referred to as an “Audit.” An audit is a systematic, independent, and documented process for obtaining evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled. This process involves assessing the management processes to ensure compliance with policies, procedures, and standards.

References: = This response is informed by general best practices in project management and is consistent with the principles outlined in the PMBOK® Guide and other project management literature. For specific guidelines and procedures, please refer to the official PPM study guide and the PMBOK® Guide.

 Crisis management training often includes media training because dealing with the media effectively is a crucial part of managing a crisis. Media training prepares spokespersons to communicate effectively with the media, ensuring that the organization’s message is conveyed accurately and effectively during a crisis. This training can help mitigate the negative impact of a crisis by shaping the narrative and managing public perception1. References: Institute for Crisis Management

The sponsor is typically the person who initiates the project and provides the necessary authority and resources within the organization. They play a key role in supporting and backing the project.

Trust is a foundational element for building cohesive teams and is essential throughout the various stages of team development, including forming, storming, norming, and performing. Trust enables team members to feel safe, which encourages open communication, idea sharing, and collaboration, leading to higher performance levels. Without trust, teams may experience stifled results and fail to reach their optimum potential. References: = Trust: the foundation for building cohesive teams, PMI1.

 Team building activities are recognized as a critical component in project management for enhancing teamwork, improving communication, and fostering a collaborative environment. These activities contribute to improved project performance by developing better relationships among team members, which is essential for project success. The PMBOK® Guide emphasizes the importance of team development as it leads to improved teamwork, increased people skills and competencies, motivated employees, reduced staff turnover rates, and ultimately, enhanced project performance.

References: = The information is supported by the PMBOK® Guide and other project management literature that highlights the significance of team building in project management12.

 Body language includes various forms of non-verbal communication such as facial expressions, posture, gestures, and eye contact. These elements can convey a wide range of emotions and reactions. For instance, maintaining eye contact can show interest and confidence, while avoiding eye contact might indicate discomfort or lack of confidence. Similarly, crossed arms might suggest defensiveness or resistance, and a relaxed posture could imply openness and comfort. In the context of project management, understanding and interpreting body language can be crucial for effective communication, team dynamics, and leadership presence21.

References:

• Project Managers - Importance Of Good Body Language1.
• How To Use Body Language To Project Leadership Presence2.
• Total Message Impact: Body Language and Communications in Project Management3.

Supervisors with a Style Profile of 2-3 (Selling – Participating) are typically good at working collaboratively with their team members and are effective in motivating and involving them in decision-making processes. However, they might find it challenging to deal with discipline issues or to manage less mature employees because this leadership style focuses more on persuasion and buy-in rather than direct authority and strict discipline. This style works well in environments where team members are generally self-motivated but may falter when firmer guidance is required.

The concept of “eating frogs” is a metaphor for tackling the most challenging task of your day first. It is based on the idea that if you do the hardest thing on your to-do list, then the rest of your day will be relatively easier by comparison. This approach is advocated as a method to combat procrastination by encouraging individuals to address their most daunting tasks early in the day. The phrase was popularized by Brian Tracy in his book “Eat That Frog!” and is derived from a quote often attributed to Mark Twain123.

References:

• “Eat That Frog!” by Brian Tracy.
• Articles and resources discussing the “Eat the Frog” productivity method123.

When a productive team member like Norma is seeking information outside her project area, it’s important to understand her motivations. She may be trying to learn more to contribute effectively or identify potential issues that could impact her work. Addressing the root cause of her inquiries can lead to better communication and collaboration within the team.

References: = This guidance is based on general project management practices and principles of effective team management and communication.

 A team does not require members to be in the same physical location. The essence of a team lies in its members working towards a common goal, regardless of their physical location. With advancements in technology and communication, virtual teams have become commonplace, allowing collaboration across different geographical areas1.

References: = Professional in Project Management (PPM) - GAQM.

Checking your e-mail at set times during the day, ideally when it's quiet and you can focus on managing your inbox effectively, is a productive approach. This method helps in minimizing distractions and interruptions throughout the workday, allowing for better focus on tasks that require deep concentration. It also prevents the constant checking of e-mails from becoming a productivity pitfall. Of course, the optimal frequency might vary based on your specific job role and the nature of your work, but generally, a disciplined approach to e-mail management promotes efficiency and effectiveness.

 Choosing the right project team is crucial for the success of a project. The team’s composition can significantly impact the project’s efficiency, productivity, and overall outcome. A well-chosen team brings diverse skills and expertise, fosters better communication, collaboration, and can effectively address and mitigate project risks. Therefore, selecting the project team is a process that requires careful consideration and should not be rushed. References: The importance of selecting the right project team is supported by various sources within the field of project management, including the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) guide and the Professional in Project Management (PPM) materials, which emphasize the strategic alignment and the critical role of teamwork in achieving project success1234.

 Emotional intelligence (EI) encompasses a broad range of skills that include accurately identifying emotions in ourselves and others, as well as understanding and managing those emotions effectively. This set of abilities is crucial for project managers as it aids in fostering better communication, conflict resolution, and team leadership. 

For further reading on the importance of emotional intelligence in project management, you might find the following resources insightful:

• Emotional Intelligence in Project Management
• Using emotional intelligence to improve project performance
• Emotional Intelligence for Project Managers

 In well-organized offices, files that nobody looks at are typically categorized as Archive Files. These are files that are no longer actively used but are kept for historical, legal, or compliance reasons. They are not accessed regularly and are often stored in a separate location or in a digital archive system12. References: = 3 Ways to Organize Office Files - wikiHow, File Classification: A Complete Guide, Guidelines, and Process - Redfield.

Making assertive statements involves a combination of describing the behavior, detailing the effects of the behavior, and using “I” messages. This approach allows individuals to express their opinions and feelings honestly and respectfully, without violating the rights or dignity of others. It’s a balanced way of communication that is crucial in project management for clear and effective interaction1.

References: = Information on assertiveness in project management can be found in resources such as ProjectManagement.com and LinkedIn articles on assertiveness21.

  Shared leadership, where leadership responsibilities are distributed among team members rather than centralized in a single leader, can have several disadvantages. Some groups indeed require more direction and benefit from having a central figure of authority to guide them (Option A). Additionally, in certain contexts, a central leader is necessary to help a group reach its full potential by providing vision and decisive action (Option B). Furthermore, shared leadership can sometimes lead to slower decision-making processes because it involves more individuals in the decision-making process, which can complicate consensus-building (Option C). Therefore, all of the above options are possible disadvantages of shared leadership.

Addressing quick and easy tasks immediately can be an effective time management strategy. This approach aligns with the concept of “time management” as outlined in the PMBOK Guide, which involves planning and organizing to use one’s time efficiently and effectively. By tackling simple tasks right away, one can prevent them from accumulating and becoming a larger burden, thus managing one’s time more effectively. This method is akin to the “Eat that frog” technique, which suggests completing the most impactful tasks first to improve productivity and time management.

References: = PMBOK Guide, 6th Edition, Chapter 6: Project Time Management; Smartsheet article on Project Time Management1.

Getting organized can significantly increase productivity by reducing the time spent searching for information or resources and minimizing the likelihood of task duplication. According to studies, proper project portfolio management (PPM) practices can save project managers an average of 10% in project turnaround time1. While the exact amount of time saved can vary depending on the individual and the complexity of the projects, it is estimated that on average, a person could save around two hours per day by implementing effective organizational strategies.

References:

• Insights from “What is Project Portfolio Management (PPM)” by Birdview PSA1.

 Communication encompasses a wide range of behaviors and methods for transferring information. It includes verbal exchanges between people, written messages like memos, and non-verbal cues such as the barking of a dog. Each of these examples involves the imparting or exchanging of information, which is the essence of communication. This concept is supported by the definition of communication in project management and other professional contexts, where it is understood as the act of transferring information from one place, person, or group to another1.

References: = The definition and examples of communication align with the principles outlined in the Professional in Project Management (PPM) materials and are consistent with standard definitions found in resources such as SkillsYouNeed and Google dictionary, as mentioned in the guide to portfolio communication1.

 An audit in project management is a systematic, independent, and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which audit criteria are fulfilled. It involves a series of steps that include planning, evidence collection, analysis, and reporting. The purpose of an audit is to present facts regarding the project’s processes, outcomes, and compliance with agreed-upon standards and procedures123. References:

• ppm.express - How to Conduct a Project Audit
• The Knowledge Academy - What is Project Audit?
• PMI - Project Audits

The four recognized components of the knowledge management mix are people, processes, technology, and culture. These elements work together to optimize and improve the efficiency of organizational activities and preserve the knowledge within the business organization. Experts are not listed as a separate component because their expertise and contributions are encompassed within the ‘people’ component of the knowledge management mix.

References: The information is verified based on the content available on a knowledge management resource1.

Studies and surveys on workplace productivity suggest that the average person may spend around 10% of their day looking for misplaced items, information, or documents. This statistic highlights the importance of good organizational practices and systems in both personal and professional settings, as reducing time spent searching can lead to significant gains in efficiency and productivity.

Risk Management is a systematic process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risk. It includes maximizing the probability and consequences of positive events and minimizing the probability and consequences of adverse events to project objectives. The definition provided in the question aligns with the concept of risk management as it involves both proactive avoidance of trouble (through identification and analysis) and reactive measures (through response planning and implementation) when certain risks cannot be avoided.

References: = Professional in Project Management (PPM) Reference Materials1, PMBOK® Guide2.

The Professional in Project Management (PPM) materials suggest that every team member can provide value, even those with a negative outlook. In the case of Carlos, his perspective can be particularly useful during risk identification, where his tendency to foresee problems can help in anticipating potential risks and planning mitigation strategies. This approach aligns with the PPM’s emphasis on utilizing individual team members’ strengths and perspectives to enhance project outcomes1.

References: Professional in Project Management (PPM) - GAQM

Glenn Parker identifies four types of team players, one of which is The Challenger. The Challenger is known for looking at the bigger picture and often asking questions about the goals, methods, and ethics of the team. They encourage the team to take calculated risks and are willing to disagree with authority when necessary. They play the role of the Devil’s Advocate by being honest, outspoken, principled, ethical, and adventurous, challenging the status quo to foster improvement and innovation within the team. References: = Parker’s description of team player types and their roles in effective teamwork1.

In the SPIRIT model for setting goals, the ‘S’ stands for ‘Specific’. This means that goals should be well-defined, clear, and unambiguous. The specificity of a goal is essential as it provides a clear direction and measurable outcome, which is necessary for effective goal setting and achievement1.

References: = Medium article on SPIRIT model for setting goals1.

Organizational culture plays a pivotal role in the implementation of a knowledge management program. It affects the willingness of employees to share knowledge and collaborate, which are essential for the success of such programs. References: Please refer to the latest editions of the Professional in Project Management (PPM) study guide and the PMBOK Guide for verified information.

 A PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) diagram is indeed used to show the relationships among various steps in a project. It is a project management tool that lays out the tasks necessary to complete a project and the time associated with each task. By calculating the earliest start and finish times for each task, it is possible to identify the critical path, which is the sequence of tasks that determines the shortest time possible to complete the project. Any delay in the critical path will delay the entire project. Therefore, a PERT diagram serves as an easy way to calculate the critical path, making the statement true. References: The information is verified by multiple sources that discuss the PERT diagram and its use in calculating the critical path, including PMCalculators and Smartsheet1234.

 Features that make work naturally rewarding often include elements that foster intrinsic motivation. Competence, self-direction, rewards, and purpose are typically highlighted as key factors. Purpose gives individuals a sense of meaning and fulfillment from their work, which can be more motivating than external rewards alone.

References: = This response is informed by general best practices in project management and is consistent with the principles outlined in the PMBOK® Guide and other project management literature. For specific guidelines and procedures, please refer to the official PPM study guide and the PMBOK® Guide.

 A dichotomy refers to a division into two mutually exclusive and often contradictory groups or entities. In the context of the question, ‘cooperative’ and ‘competitive’ represent two distinct approaches or mindsets that do not overlap. Cooperation implies working together towards a common goal, while competition involves individuals or groups working against each other to achieve a goal. These concepts are fundamentally different and cannot coexist within the same framework, making them a clear example of a dichotomy.

References: The explanation provided is based on general knowledge of dichotomies and their application in various fields, including project management. For a detailed understanding, it is recommended to refer to the official PPM study materials and the PMBOK guide.

 Risk management did not originate in the field of project management. The concept of risk management has been associated with various forms of insurance and financial protection long before it was formalized within project management. The study of risk management began after World War II and was initially related to market insurance to protect against losses associated with accidents. Over time, it expanded to include financial risk management and the use of derivatives as risk management instruments. References: = Historical analyses and academic literature on the subject of risk management, such as the work published in “Risk Management: History, Definition, and Critique” by Georges Dionne1, indicate that the roots of risk management are broader and predate the formalization within project management.

 Routines are indeed foundational to success, especially within the context of project management. The PMBOK Guide emphasizes the importance of processes and routines in achieving project objectives and delivering value. Routines help establish consistency and efficiency, which are critical for the successful delivery of project outcomes. They enable teams to perform regular tasks with increased effectiveness, ensuring that project goals are met within the constraints of time, cost, and scope.

References: = PMBOK Guide, 7th Edition; “12 Principles of Project Management” by Project Management Institute1.

A cross-functional team is indeed a group of employees from various departments and skill sets, working collaboratively towards a common goal or project. This type of team pools unique talents, knowledge, and perspectives to solve complex problems and create innovative solutions. The diversity within a cross-functional team fosters innovation, promotes knowledge sharing across traditional organizational boundaries, and supports the creation of informal knowledge networks1. References: = Achieving Cross-Functional Teams - Project Management Institute, How to Effectively Manage Cross-Functional Project Teams, Building a Great Cross-Functional Project Team: The … - LinkedIn, Cross-Functional Team - PPM Express, 6 Tips for Developing Cross Functional Teams - ProjectManager.

While computer software can be a powerful tool for creating and managing project schedules, it is not always necessary to use it. The PMBOK® Guide acknowledges various tools and techniques for schedule development, including but not limited to software. Depending on the project’s size, complexity, and requirements, schedules can be created using simpler methods like whiteboards, paper, or spreadsheets. The key is to choose the most effective tool that suits the project’s needs and stakeholders’ preferences.

References: = The PMBOK® Guide’s Schedule Management knowledge area discusses different tools and techniques for developing a project schedule, which does not mandate the use of computer software12.

In the context of employee development and coaching, the final step typically involves the employee committing to specific actions to reach their desired outcome. This step is crucial as it translates the coaching conversation into actionable steps, ensuring that the employee has a clear path forward and is accountable for their own development. References: The information is synthesized from general coaching models and is not taken from a specific PPM document. For detailed and specific guidance, please refer to the official PPM study materials.

 Effectiveness is indeed a key component of self-leadership. Self-leadership is about understanding oneself, setting personal goals, and managing oneself to achieve these goals. Being effective in this context means having the ability to produce the desired results or outcomes. It involves setting clear objectives, prioritizing tasks, and taking decisive action. An effective self-leader is able to translate thought into action and ensure that their actions lead to the accomplishment of their goals.

References: = The principles of self-leadership and its connection to effectiveness are discussed in various project management materials, including those related to the Professional in Project Management (PPM) certification. These resources emphasize the importance of self-awareness, self-motivation, and the ability to effectively navigate challenges and inspire teams, all of which contribute to the overall effectiveness of a project manager1234.

 The five stages of team development, as identified by Bruce Tuckman, are indeed Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. These stages describe the path that teams follow on their way to high performance. During the Forming stage, team members are introduced. They state why they were chosen or volunteered for the team and what they hope to accomplish within the team. The Storming stage is characterized by competition and conflict in personal relations. In the Norming stage, the team manages to have one goal and come to a mutual plan for the team at this point. During the Performing stage, the team works on reaching the goal, as they are motivated and knowledgeable. The Adjourning stage occurs when the team completes the project and moves on from the project.

References: = This framework is widely recognized in the field of project management and is referenced in both the PMBOK Guide and Professional in Project Management (PPM) materials as essential for understanding team dynamics and effectively guiding a team through the challenges of a project1234.

A phase of a project is a collection of related activities that are part of the larger project lifecycle. Each phase represents a significant portion of the project, characterized by a set of objectives, tasks, and responsibilities that must be completed to move on to the next stage of the project. The PMBOK® Guide outlines that while phases are typically carried out in chronological order, they can be revisited as needed when project changes occur. This approach allows for flexibility and adaptability within the project management process.

References: The information is aligned with the PMBOK® Guide and other PPM reference materials, which describe project phases as major sets of activities within the project lifecycle12.

The process framework model, specifically the KM Process Framework by Bukowitz and Williams (1999), investigates how an organization can build, sustain, or divest knowledge assets. It emphasizes strategic aspects of knowledge management, including when and why to divest knowledge, which is a process of determining the value of knowledge and deciding whether to keep it or remove it from the organization. References: = The KM Process Framework by Bukowitz and Williams is discussed in various knowledge management literature, highlighting its approach to the strategic management of knowledge assets, including divestment1.

The TORI model is a concept in team building that stands for (T) trusting relationships, (O) open communication, ® self-realization, and (I) interdependence. It expresses a group’s movement toward these four elements as they become high-performing, mature teams. The model suggests that teams evolve from defensiveness and formality to trusting relationships, from distorted and closed communication to openness and candor, and from competitive problem-solving to a state where self-realization and interdependence are achieved1.

References: The explanation is based on the principles of team building and trust as outlined in the TORI model by Jack and Lorraine Gibb, which is a part of the study of team dynamics and trust within organizations1.

Implementing organizational change successfully requires a multi-faceted approach. "Strategizing to get support" involves planning how to secure buy-in from key stakeholders. "Sharing your vision" is about clearly communicating the future state you aim to achieve with the change. "Communicating" broadly ensures that everyone affected by the change understands what is happening, why it is happening, and how it will impact them. Together, these strategies create a comprehensive approach to managing change effectively.

As a self-leader, one of the primary responsibilities is to have a clear understanding of your own goals. This involves setting personal objectives that align with the project’s needs and ensuring that you are steering your efforts towards achieving these goals. It’s about self-management and personal accountability in contributing to the broader project objectives. References: (Professional in Project Management (PPM) Certification Overview, GAQM1)

The statement that one can save up to an hour each day by getting organized is generally supported by time management principles. Effective organization and time management can lead to significant time savings by reducing the time spent searching for information or resources, streamlining processes, and prioritizing tasks more efficiently.

References: This concept is aligned with the project management principles found in the Professional in Project Management (PPM) materials, which emphasize the importance of organization and time management in achieving project success12.

Companies and institutions typically seek leaders who possess integrity and expertise. Integrity ensures that leaders adhere to ethical standards and principles, fostering trust and a positive reputation. Expertise reflects a leader’s knowledge and skills in their field, which is crucial for making informed decisions and guiding the organization towards its goals. These qualities are essential for effective leadership and are highly valued in the professional environment. References: = The importance of integrity and expertise in leadership is consistent with the principles outlined in the Professional in Project Management (PPM) materials and the PMBOK guide standards, which emphasize the role of ethical conduct and competency in project management12.

The ‘S’ in SPIRIT stands for ‘Specific’. When setting goals, it’s important to be specific about what you want to achieve. A specific goal has a much greater chance of being accomplished than a general goal because it provides a clear definition of what success looks like. It should be tangible and measurable, making it easier to track progress and know when the goal has been achieved1.

References: = This information is verified using resources that discuss the SPIRIT acronym in goal setting, which aligns with the principles of the PMBOK® Guide and PPM best practices1.

Non-verbal communication is defined as the process of conveying a message without the use of words. It includes various forms such as facial expressions, body language, gestures, eye contact, posture, and the use of space. Sounds like grunting and coughing are not considered non-verbal messages as they do not convey a specific message or intent without accompanying verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is often used in conjunction with verbal communication to provide a full message. References: = The information is based on the definitions and explanations of non-verbal communication found in the provided search results123.

A project can be concluded in several ways, but the most common include:

• Fulfillment: When the project’s objectives have been achieved, and the deliverables are accepted by the stakeholders.
• Premature Termination: When a project is ended before it is completed due to various reasons such as budget issues, change in strategy, or failure to deliver expected value.
• Fulfillment of Scope: When all the work described in the project scope statement has been completed.

References: The information is aligned with the principles of project closure as described in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) and the practices of Professional in Project Management (PPM).