1z0-1109-23 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 2023 DevOps Professional Question and Answers

To create a secret in OCI Vault service, you need to have the following prerequisites:

• You must have a Vault managed key to encrypt the secret. A Vault managed key is a symmetric encryption key that is generated and managed by the Vault service. You can use a Vault managed key to encrypt and decrypt secrets, such as passwords, API keys, certificates, etc.
• You must have the required permissions to create and manage secrets in the Vault service. You need to have the IAM policies that allow you to access the Vault compartment, the Vault itself, and the Vault managed key. You also need to have the secret management policies that allow you to create, read, update, delete, or restore secrets. Verified References: [Creating Secrets - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault], [Prerequisites for Working with Secrets - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault]

The capabilities that can help ensure the security and reliability of the code in the build and deployment pipelines are:

• Using third-party tools like Sonatype, SonarQube, or OverOps to analyze code for security defects or bugs in code quality. These tools are examples of code analysis tools that can help you identify and fix vulnerabilities, code smells, bugs, performance issues, and technical debt in your code. You can integrate these tools with your build and deployment pipelines using OCI DevOps services such as Code Repository, Build Pipeline, and Deployment Pipeline.
• Using version control tools like Git or SVN to track and manage changes in the code-base. These tools are examples of version control systems that can help you store, update, and collaborate on your code files. You can use these tools to create branches, merge changes, resolve conflicts, and revert to previous versions of your code. You can also use these tools with your build and deployment pipelines using OCI DevOps services such as Code Repository, Build Pipeline, and Deployment Pipeline. Verified References: [Code Analysis Tools - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Version Control Systems - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps]

The way that customers can rotate their master encryption keys in the OCI Vault service is by creating a new Key Version. A Key Version is an instance of a Vault managed key that has its own unique OCID and metadata. Customers can create a new Key Version for their Vault managed key at any time, which will generate a new encryption key material for that key. Customers can also specify which Key Version they want to use as the current Key Version for encrypting and decrypting secrets. Verified References: [Rotating Keys - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault], [Creating Key Versions - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault]

Explanation

The Kubernetes Cluster Autoscaler increases or decreases the size of a node pool automatically based on resource requests, rather than on resource utilization of nodes in the node pool. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/ContEng/Tasks/contengusingclusterautoscaler.htm

The step that can help ensure that the container images have not been modified after being pushed to OCI Registry is signing the image using the Container Registry CLI and creating an image signature that associates the image with the master encryption key and key version in the Vault service. Image signing is a process of adding a digital signature to an image to verify its authenticity and integrity. You can use OCI Registry CLI to sign an image using a Vault managed key and create an image signature that contains information such as the image name, tag, digest, key OCID, key version OCID, etc. You can also use OCI Registry CLI to verify an image signature before pulling or running an image. Verified References: [Image Signing - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry], [Signing Images - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry]

Explanation

The correct statement is: You need to provision a new stack because Terraform uses immutable in-frastructure. In Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Resource Manager, Terraform uses the concept of immutable infrastructure, which means that any changes to the infrastructure are managed through the Terraform code. In this scenario, if you want to add a CIDR block, subnet, and compute instance to your VCN, you would need to make the necessary changes to your Terraform code, create a new stack in Resource Manager, and deploy the updated code. This ensures that the infra-structure is created consistently and according to the desired state defined in the Terraform code. Simply provisioning the new resources in the OCI console and later adding them to the Terraform configuration and state would not be the recommended approach in this case.

Explanation

The OCI service that can help automate the provisioning of a new environment is OCI Resource Manager. OCI Resource Manager is a service provided by Oracle Cloud Infrastructure that enables you to automate the process of provisioning, updating, and managing infrastructure resources. It allows you to define your infrastructure as code using tools like Terraform, and then use Resource Manager to create and manage stacks. Stacks are the deployment units that contain the infrastructure resources defined in your code. By leveraging OCI Resource Manager, you can automate the provisioning of a new production environment by defining the required infrastructure resources in a stack using Terraform code. Resource Manager will then handle the creation and management of these resources, ensuring that your environment is provisioned consistently and according to the de-fined infrastructure as code. Therefore, OCI Resource Manager is the recommended service to automate the provisioning of a new environment in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.

The correct way is to use the variables section in your build_spec.yaml file to define variables and assign values to them. You can also use the vaultVariable section to define variables that hold the content of the vault secrets in OCID format. You can then use these variables in other sections of your build_spec.yaml file by using the syntax $(VARIABLE_NAME). You can also use the exportedVariables section to define variables that can be used in subsequent stages of the same pipeline. Verified References: [Variables - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Defining Variables - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps]

Explanation

The possible error you could have made when adding variables to your build_spec.yaml file that resulted in a failed build pipeline is assuming that a non-exported variable would be persistent across multiple stages of the build pipeline. In a build pipeline, variables need to be properly exported and managed to ensure their availability and persistence across different stages. If you mistakenly assumed that a non-exported variable would persist across stages, it could lead to issues where the variable is not available or its value is not maintained as expected, causing the build pipeline to fail.

Explanation

The correct approach to upgrade an Oracle Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster to a newer version of Kubernetes is to first upgrade the control plane and then upgrade the node pools. Here are the steps to follow: Upgrade the control plane: Initiate the upgrade process for the control plane using the OCI Console, CLI, or API. This upgrade will update the Kubernetes control plane components running in the master nodes of the cluster. Upgrade the node pools: After the control plane upgrade is completed, you can proceed to upgrade the node pools. A node pool is a set of worker nodes within the cluster. You can upgrade the node pools one at a time or simultaneously, depending on your requirements and cluster configuration. By following this approach, you ensure that the control plane is upgraded first, which ensures compatibility and stability with the new version of Kubernetes. Afterward, you can upgrade the node pools to ensure all worker nodes are running the latest version of Kubernetes. It is important to note that before performing any upgrades, it is recommended to review the release notes and upgrade documentation provided by Oracle for any specific instructions or considerations related to the version you are upgrading to. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/ContEng/Concepts/contengaboutupgradingclusters.htm

The recommended approach in OCI for creating identical blue-green environments for deploying a critical application is to use two separate OKE clusters to ensure complete separation between environments. A blue-green environment is a deployment technique that involves creating two identical environments (blue and green) and switching traffic between them after testing. This technique allows you to reduce downtime, minimize risk, and improve user experience. To create blue-green environments in OCI, you can use two separate OKE clusters, one for the blue environment and one for the green environment. Each cluster will have its own set of resources, such as node pools, pods, services, deployments, etc., that are isolated from each other. You can also use OCI Load Balancing service to route traffic between the clusters based on your criteria. Verified References: [Deployment Strategies - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Creating Clusters - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes]

Explanation

The three statements that are true regarding managing an application deployed in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) and pulling images from Oracle Cloud Infra-structure Registry (OCIR) are: Use kubectl to create a Docker registry secret: To access images from OCIR, you need to create a Docker registry secret in Kubernetes. This can be done using the ku-bectl create secret docker-registry command. Add a containers section that specifies the name and location of the images you want to pull from OCIR, along with other deployment details: In your deployment manifest (e.g., YAML file), you need to define a containers section that specifies the image names and locations from OCIR. This section includes other deployment details such as re-source limits and environment variables. Add an imagePullSecrets section to the manifest file that specifies the name of the Docker secret you created to access OCIR: To authenticate and pull images from OCIR, you need to specify the name of the Docker registry secret in the imagePullSecrets section of your manifest file. This ensures that the appropriate credentials are used to authenticate with OCIR and pull the required images. These steps enable your application deployed in OKE to pull the necessary container images from OCIR during deployment, ensuring smooth and secure deployment of your application. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/ContEng/Tasks/contengpullingimagesfromocir.htm

Explanation

As the OKE cluster administrator, you can define permissions to restrict pod-to-pod communications except as explicitly allowed by using Network Policies. Network Policies are a Kubernetes feature that allows you to define rules for network traffic within the cluster. They provide fine-grained control over ingress (incoming) and egress (outgoing) traffic between pods. By creating Network Policies, you can specify the allowed communication paths between pods based on various criteria such as source and destination pods, namespaces, IP addresses, ports, and protocols. This allows you to enforce security and isolation within your OKE cluster, ensuring that pods can only communicate with authorized pods or services. RBAC Roles and IAM Policies are used to manage access control and permissions for managing and interacting with the cluster itself, but they do not directly control pod-to-pod communications. Security Lists, on the other hand, are associated with VCN (Virtual Cloud Network) resources and control traffic at the subnet level, not at the pod level within the OKE cluster. Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/Security/Reference/oke_security.htm

Explanation

The prerequisite for creating a secret in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault service is to have a Vault managed key to encrypt the secret. Explanation: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault service provides a secure and centralized location for storing secrets such as passwords, API keys, and other sensitive information. When creating a secret in Vault, one of the prerequisites is to have a Vault man-aged key. The Vault managed key is used to encrypt the secret data, ensuring its confidentiality and security. By utilizing a Vault managed key, the secret can be securely stored and managed within the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vault service.

The statement that is true about automatic repository creation is that if you select the “Create repositories on first push root compartment” option and push an image with a command that includes the name of a repository that doesn’t already exist, a new private repository is created automatically in the root compartment. This option allows you to enable or disable automatic repository creation for the root compartment of your tenancy. If you enable this option, you can push an image to OCI Registry using the docker push command with the format .ocir.io//:, where is the name of a repository that does not exist yet. This will create a new private repository with the specified name and tag in the root compartment. If you disable this option, you will need to create an empty repository in advance before pushing an image to it. Verified References: [Creating Repositories - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry], [Pushing Images - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry]

Explanation

The difference between continuous deployment and continuous delivery in the DevOps lifecycle is that continuous delivery involves initiating deployments manually, while continuous deployment focuses on automating the deployment process. Explanation: Continuous delivery and continuous deployment are both practices in the DevOps lifecycle that aim to streamline the software release process. However, there is a distinction between the two based on the level of automation involved in the deployment phase. Continuous delivery refers to the ability to deliver software changes to production in a reliable and efficient manner. It involves having a well-defined deployment process and a reliable pipeline that can be triggered manually to deploy the software changes. With continuous delivery, the deployment process can be initiated by a human decision, allowing for a final re-view or approval before releasing the software. On the other hand, continuous deployment takes the automation aspect further by automatically deploying software changes to production as soon as they pass through the entire delivery pipeline. In continuous deployment, the deployment process is fully automated, and there is no human intervention required to initiate the deployment. Once the changes are tested and validated, they are automatically deployed to the production environment. In summary, continuous delivery involves manual initiation of the deployment process, while continuous deployment focuses on automating the deployment process without the need for human intervention.

Explanation

OCI DevOps deployment pipelines can work across OCI regions. From a single deployment pipe-line, deployments can be executed into multiple regions, in parallel or sequentially. To efficiently deploy an application in the Japan Central (ap-osaka-1) region using an existing deployment pipeline set up in the US East (us-ashburn-1) region, the recommended approach is: Deploy directly in ap-osaka-1 from the us-ashburn-1 deployment pipeline. OCI DevOps allows you to deploy applications across regions, and you can leverage this capability to deploy your application in a different region than where the deployment pipeline is set up. You can configure the deployment stage in your deployment pipeline to target the ap-osaka-1 region, specifying the appropriate resources and settings for deployment in that region. This way, you can achieve efficient deployment to the desired region without the need to create a separate deployment pipeline. The other options mentioned are not the most efficient approaches: Creating another deployment pipeline in ap-osaka-1: While it is possible to create another deployment pipeline in the ap-osaka-1 region, it would introduce additional complexity and management overhead. It is more efficient to leverage the existing deployment pipeline and configure it to deploy in the desired region. Deploying the application in us-ashburn-1 and duplicating it in ap-osaka-1: This approach would involve deploying the application separately in both regions, which can lead to duplication of efforts and increased maintenance complexity. It is more efficient to use a single deployment pipeline and configure it to deploy in the target region directly.

The statements that are true for scaling an OKE cluster to meet growing demand are:

• Enable autoscaling by autoscaling Pods by deploying Kubernetes Autoscaler to collect resource metrics from each worker node in the cluster. Pod autoscaling is a feature that allows you to adjust the number of pods in a deployment or replica set based on the CPU or memory utilization of the pods. You can use Kubernetes Autoscaler, which is an add-on component that you can install on your OKE cluster, to collect resource metrics from each worker node and scale the pods up or down accordingly.
• Enable cluster autoscaling by autoscaling node pools by deploying the Kubernetes Autoscaler to automatically resize a cluster’s node pools based on application workload demands. Cluster autoscaling is a feature that allows you to adjust the number of nodes in a node pool based on the pod requests and limits of the pods running on the nodes. You can use Kubernetes Autoscaler, which is an add-on component that you can install on your OKE cluster, to monitor the pod requests and limits and scale the node pools up or down accordingly.
• Scale a node pool up and down to change the number of worker nodes in the node pool, and the availability domains and subnets in which to place them. A node pool is a group of worker nodes within an OKE cluster that share the same configuration, such as shape, image, subnet, etc. You can use OCI Console, CLI, or API to scale a node pool up and down by adding or removing worker nodes from it. You can also change the availability domains and subnets for your node pool to distribute your nodes across different fault domains. Scaling a node pool allows you to adjust your cluster capacity according to your application workload demands. Verified References: [Scaling Clusters - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes], [Scaling Node Pools - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes]

Explanation

The DevOps lifecycle is a multi-phased development cycle that focuses on rapid-release and continuous delivery to unite team infrastructure and maximize the quality of software. It encompasses the collaboration between development and operations teams, emphasizing communication, automation, and continuous improvement. The DevOps lifecycle typically includes the following phases: Plan: Teams identify business goals, plan feature development, and prioritize tasks. Code: Developers write code and apply version control practices to manage changes. Build: The code is built into executable artifacts, which are often stored in a repository. Test: Automated testing is performed to validate the functionality and quality of the software. Deploy: The software is deployed to the target environment, following consistent and repeatable processes. Operate: The application is monitored and managed in the production environment, with continuous feedback loops. Monitor: Metrics and logs are collected to monitor performance, identify issues, and optimize the system. By adopting the DevOps lifecycle, businesses can benefit in several ways: Increased efficiency: Automation and collaboration reduce manual efforts, enabling faster and more reliable software delivery. Faster time to market: Continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) practices enable frequent releases, allowing businesses to quickly respond to market demands. Improved quality: Continuous testing and feedback loops help catch and address issues earlier in the development cycle, improving the overall quality of the software. Enhanced collaboration: DevOps promotes cross-functional collabo-ration, breaking down silos between development, operations, and other teams, leading to better communication and alignment. Greater stability and reliability: Continuous monitoring and feed-back loops help identify and resolve issues proactively, resulting in more stable and reliable systems. Scalability and flexibility: DevOps practices enable businesses to scale their infrastructure and adapt to changing requirements more easily. Overall, the DevOps lifecycle helps businesses succeed by fostering a culture of collaboration, automation, and continuous improvement, leading to faster de-livery, higher quality software, and better alignment between teams.

The statement that is false about deployment pipeline in OCI DevOps is that using deployment pipeline, you can deploy artifacts to Kubernetes cluster, Instance Group, and OCI Compute Instances. This statement is false because using deployment pipeline, you can deploy artifacts to Kubernetes cluster and Instance Group, but not to OCI Compute Instances. A deployment pipeline is a component of OCI DevOps service that allows you to automate the deployment of your artifacts to various target environments. A target environment is a destination where you want to deploy your artifact, such as a Kubernetes cluster or an Instance Group. An Instance Group is a group of compute instances that share the same configuration and are managed as a single unit. However, OCI DevOps service does not support deploying artifacts directly to individual OCI Compute Instances. Verified References: [Deployment Pipelines - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Target Environments - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps], [Instance Groups - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure DevOps]

The primary benefits of DevOps tools are to improve the efficiency of IT operations by automating routine tasks and eliminating manual processes, and to automate the software development lifecycle to increase production speed and consistency. DevOps tools enable collaboration between developers and operations teams, streamline workflows, reduce errors, enhance security, and enable continuous integration and delivery of software. Verified References: [DevOps - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools], [DevOps Tools - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools]

Explanation

The correct answer is: dependency relationships between variables. In an Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Resource Manager Schema Document, you can specify various aspects of your template, such as information about the application, permissions, logo, and pattern validations for string-type variables. However, dependency relationships between variables cannot be specified in a Schema Document. Dependency relationships between variables are typically defined in the Terraform con-figuration files themselves rather than in the Schema Document. Terraform allows you to express dependencies between resources and variables directly within the configuration using features like interpolation and variable references. The Schema Document in OCI Resource Manager primarily focuses on providing metadata and validation rules for the template inputs, but it does not include features for defining dependencies between variables.

Explanation

The correct answer is: You must have a Vault managed key to encrypt the secret. A prerequisite for creating a secret in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Vault service is having a Vault managed key. The Vault service allows you to securely store and manage sensitive information such as pass-words, API keys, and other secrets. To ensure the confidentiality of the stored secrets, they are encrypted using encryption keys. In OCI Vault, the encryption keys used for encrypting secrets are managed by the Vault service itself, and you need to have a Vault managed key available to encrypt the secret before creating it.

Explanation

"The OCI capability that can help achieve the requirement of archiving logging data into OCI Object Storage is the ""Service Connector Hub."" The Service Connector Hub in OCI enables you to configure connections and workflows between different OCI services. In this case, you can create a connection between the OCI Logging service and OCI Object Storage using the Service Connector Hub. By setting up a connection between these services, you can define a workflow to automatically transfer the logs collected by the Logging service to Object Storage for archiving. This ensures that the logging data is securely stored and easily accessible for future analysis or compliance purposes. The Logging Query capability allows you to search and analyze logs, but it does not directly address the requirement of archiving the logging data into Object Storage. ObjectCollectionRule is not a valid OCI capability and does not pertain to the archiving of logging data into Object Storage. IAM policies are used to manage access and permissions within OCI, but they do not directly pro-vide the capability to archive logging data into Object Storage." Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/Content/service-connector-hub/archivelogs.htm

To securely store and version your application and automatically build, test, and deploy your application to OCI, you can choose the following OCI services:

• DevOps: This service enables you to automate the software development lifecycle (SDLC) and deliver software faster and more reliably. You can use DevOps to create projects, repositories, build pipelines, deployment pipelines, triggers, and artifacts.
• Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry: This service is a private Docker registry that allows you to store and manage your Docker images in OCI. You can use Registry to push and pull images from your local machine or from your build pipelines.
• Container Engine for Kubernetes: This service is a fully-managed platform that allows you to run your containerized applications in OCI. You can use Container Engine for Kubernetes to create and manage Kubernetes clusters, pods, services, and deployments. Verified References: [DevOps - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools], [Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools], [Container Engine for Kubernetes - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Developer Tools]

A stack in Resource Manager is a collection of OCI resources that are created and managed as a single unit in a compartment. A stack includes a collection of Terraform files that specify the resources you want to manage with the Resource Manager, such as compute instances, networks, storage, etc. You can use a stack to apply the infrastructure-as-code model, which allows you to define, provision, and update your infrastructure using configuration files instead of manual processes. Verified References: [Stacks - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Resource Manager], [Creating Stacks - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Resource Manager]

Explanation

The group of OCI services that can help you get application insights is OCI Logging, Monitoring, and Application Performance Monitoring (APM). OCI Logging allows you to collect and analyze log data from your applications, infrastructure, and other resources. It helps you track and trouble-shoot issues by providing visibility into the performance and behavior of your applications. OCI Monitoring enables you to monitor the health, performance, and availability of your cloud resources, including your applications. It allows you to set up metrics, alarms, and notifications to proactively monitor and respond to any issues or anomalies. OCI Application Performance Monitoring (APM) is specifically designed to provide insights into the performance of your applications. It helps you identify and diagnose performance bottlenecks, track user experiences, and optimize the overall performance of your applications. By using OCI Logging, Monitoring, and APM together, you can gain comprehensive visibility into your cloud native applications and effectively monitor their performance and behavior.